Sandvik 2RK65™

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Description

Sandvik 2RK65™ is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel intended for use under severe corrosive conditions within the process industry. The grade is characterized by:


  • Very good resistance to attacks in acidic environments, e.g. sulfuric, phosphoric and acetic acid
  • Very good resistance to pitting in neutral chloride-bearing solutions
  • Much better resistance to crevice corrosion than steels of the ASTM 304 and ASTM 316 types
  • Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking
  • Good weldability

  • More technical information and charts that are relevant to the materials corrosion, mechanical and physical performance are displayed in the figures on the right side of the material page.


    Datasheet URL:

    2RK65™


    Datasheet updated 2020-01-17 16:07 (supersedes all previous editions)

    Related Standards

    Equivalent Materials

    This material data has been provided by Sandvik Materials Technology.

    "Typical" values were obtained via a literature search. "Predicted" values were imputed via artificial intelligence technology. While we have placed significant efforts in ensuring data accuracy, "typical" and "predicted" data should be considered indicative and verified by appropriate material testing. Please do contact us if additional information on the the predicted data method is required.
    All metrics apply to room temperature unless otherwise stated. SI units used unless otherwise stated.
    Equivalent standards are similar to one or more standards provided by the supplier. Some equivalent standards may be stricter whereas others may be outside the bounds of the original standard.

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    Properties

    General

    PropertyTemperatureValue

    Density

    23.0 °C

    8 g/cm³

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    Mechanical

    PropertyTemperatureValueComment

    Charpy impact energy

    -196.0 °C

    60 J

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    EN 13445-2 (UFPV-2) and EN 10216-5

    Elastic modulus

    20.0 °C

    195 GPa

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    100.0 °C

    190 GPa

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    200.0 °C

    182 GPa

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    300.0 °C

    174 GPa

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    400.0 °C

    166 GPa

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    500.0 °C

    158 GPa

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    Elongation

    23.0 °C

    35 %

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    min., NFA 49–217 with min 40% can be fulfilled.

    Elongation A2

    23.0 °C

    35 %

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    min.

    Hardness, Vickers

    23.0 °C

    160 [-]

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    Tensile strength

    23.0 °C

    520 - 720 MPa

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    Yield strength Rp0.1

    20.0 °C

    250 MPa

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    min.

    100.0 °C

    205 MPa

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    min.

    200.0 °C

    185 MPa

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    min.

    300.0 °C

    125 - 165 MPa

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    min.

    350.0 °C

    115 MPa

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    min.

    400.0 °C

    110 - 155 MPa

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    min.

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    Yield strength Rp0.2

    20.0 °C

    230 MPa

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    min.

    100.0 °C

    176 MPa

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    min.

    200.0 °C

    155 MPa

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    min.

    300.0 °C

    136 MPa

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    min.

    400.0 °C

    125 MPa

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    min.

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    Thermal

    PropertyTemperatureValueComment

    Coefficient of thermal expansion

    100.0 °C

    1.55E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    200.0 °C

    1.6E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    300.0 °C

    1.65E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    400.0 °C

    1.7E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    500.0 °C

    1.7E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    600.0 °C

    1.75E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    700.0 °C

    1.75E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

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    Specific heat capacity

    20.0 °C

    460 J/(kg·K)

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    100.0 °C

    485 J/(kg·K)

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    200.0 °C

    515 J/(kg·K)

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    300.0 °C

    545 J/(kg·K)

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    400.0 °C

    570 J/(kg·K)

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    500.0 °C

    590 J/(kg·K)

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    600.0 °C

    605 J/(kg·K)

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    700.0 °C

    615 J/(kg·K)

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    Thermal conductivity

    20.0 °C

    12 W/(m·K)

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    100.0 °C

    14 W/(m·K)

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    200.0 °C

    16 W/(m·K)

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    300.0 °C

    18 W/(m·K)

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    400.0 °C

    20 W/(m·K)

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    500.0 °C

    22 W/(m·K)

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    600.0 °C

    23 W/(m·K)

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    700.0 °C

    25 W/(m·K)

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    Electrical

    PropertyTemperatureValue

    Electrical resistivity

    20.0 °C

    9.4E-7 Ω·m

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    100.0 °C

    9.9E-7 Ω·m

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    200.0 °C

    1.07E-6 Ω·m

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    300.0 °C

    1.13E-6 Ω·m

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    400.0 °C

    1.15E-6 Ω·m

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    500.0 °C

    1.17E-6 Ω·m

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    600.0 °C

    1.15E-6 Ω·m

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    700.0 °C

    1.18E-6 Ω·m

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    Chemical properties

    PropertyValueComment

    Carbon

    0.02 %

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    max.

    Chromium

    20 %

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    Copper

    1.5 %

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    Iron

    Balance

    Manganese

    1.8 %

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    Molybdenum

    4.5 %

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    Nickel

    25 %

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    Phosphorus

    0.03 %

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    max.

    Silicon

    0.5 %

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    Sulfur

    0.015 %

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    max.

    Technological properties

    Property
    Application areas

    Typical applications for Sandvik 2RK65™ are found in oil refineries and within the chemical and petrochemical industry. Sandvik 2RK65™ is also used within the pulp and paper industry, the mineral and metallurgical industry, the food industry, in seawater cooling and in many other fields.

    The grade is an excellent alternative to standard austenitic stainless steels in heat exchangers using high-temperature water with chloride contamination.

    Certifications

    Approvals:

  • Approved for use in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code section VIII, div. 1 construction
  • VdTÜV-Werkstoffblatt 421 (Austenitischer Walz-und Schmiedestahl)

  • At high temperatures: The steel should not be exposed to temperatures above about 550°C (1020°F) for prolonged periods, since this leads to precipitation of intermetallic phases, which can have an adverse effect on both the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance of the steel.

    Cold Forming

    The good ductility of Sandvik 2RK65™ permits bending in the cold state to the smallest bending radii attainable with modern methods and machines. Annealing is not necessary after cold bending. If, however, the tubes have been heavily cold-worked and are to be used under conditions where stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is liable to occur, solution annealing is recommended (see under 'Heat treatment').


    For pressure vessel applications in Germany, heat treatment may be required after cold deformation in accordance with VdTÜV-Wb 421. Heat treatment should be carried out by solution annealing.

    Corrosion properties

    General corrosion: The steel was originally developed for use in sulfuric acid. Its good resistance is achieved by virtue of a high molybdenum content and alloying with copper. Figure 1 is an isocorrosion diagram for Sandvik 2RK65™, Sanicro® 28 and ASTM 316L in deaerated sulfuric acid.


    Technical phosphoric acid manufactured by means of the 'wet' method contains varying amounts of impurities from the starting material, the phosphate rock. The most dangerous of these impurities are chlorides, Cl-, and fluorides in free form, F-. Sandvik 2RK65 has been used with success in many applications in phosphoric acid plants and for the handling of technical acid. However, for the severest corrosion conditions, Sanicro® 28, which was developed especially for phosphoric acid applications, provides superior corrosion resistance.


    In pure acetic acid, both Sandvik 2RK65™ and ASTM 316L are completely resistant at all temperatures and concentrations at atmospheric pressure. At elevated temperatures and pressures, however, ASTM 316L will corrode while Sandvik 2RK65™ will remain resistant. Experience from acetic acid production has shown that acetic acid contaminated with formic acid is always corrosive. In acid of this kind, Sandvik 2RK65 is far more resistant than ASTM 316L, see table 1 below. Practical operating experience has confirmed the superiority of Sandvik 2RK65™ to ASTM 317L as well.


    In formic acid, high-alloy Sandvik 2RK65™ shows better resistance than conventional steels of the ASTM 316L type, see Figure 3. In oxalic acid Sandvik 2RK65™ shows better performance than ASTM 316L, see Figure 4. 2RK65 is resistant (corrosion rate <0.1 mm/year) in lactic acid at all concentrations at temperatures up to or slightly below the boiling point at atmospheric pressure. This means a corrosion resistance similar to or slightly better than of ASTM 316L in lactic acid. Due to its molybdenum content, Sandvik 2RK65™ is less resistant to nitric acid than steels of the ASTM 304L and ASTM 310L types, which are commonly used in these environments.


    High molybdenum content is an advantage in hydrochloric acid, and Sandvik 2RK65™, with its 4.5% Mo is consequently far more resistant than, for example, ASTM 316L. Sandvik 2RK65 is therefore suitable for use in chemical process solutions containing small amounts of hydrochloric acid. The isocorrosion diagram is presented in Figure 5. The risk of pitting should, however, be kept in mind. Also in hydrofluoric acid Sandvik 2RK65™ benefits from its high molybdenum content, although hydrofluoric acid is an even more aggressive acid compared to hydrochloric acid, see isocorrosion diagram in Figure 6.


    Table 1. results of laboratory tests lasting 1+3+3 days in boiling mixtures of acetic and formic acid.

    Acetic acid %Formic acid %Corrosion ratempyASTM 316Lmpy
    Sandvik 2RK65
    mm/yearmm/year
    10100.093.60.3514
    25100.072.80.3313
    30100.104.00.2912
    50100.104.00.2711

    Due to its high chromium and nickel contents, Sandvik 2RK65™ possesses much better resistance in sodium hydroxide than ASTM 304 and ASTM 316, see Figure 7.


    As can be seen, the risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) increases at high temperatures. This risk is enhanced if chlorides are present. The alloy Sanicro® 28 provides better resistance against stress corrosion cracking and also general corrosion than is the case for Sandvik 2RK65™.


    Pitting corrosion: The high chromium and molybdenum contents of this steel make it very resistant to pitting. This has been verified by extensive practical experience of service involving chloride-bearing process solutions and seawater cooling.

    As can be seen in Figure 8, the mean critical pitting temperature (CPT) for Sandvik 2RK65™ is around 75°C (165°F) at a potential of 400 mV SCE in a neutral solution (pH = 6) with the same chloride content as seawater. This value is 50°C (120°F) higher than for ASTM 316 and 20°C (68°F) higher than for Alloy 825 (21Cr42Ni3Mo).


    Stress corrosion cracking (SCC): Ordinary austenitic steels of the ASTM 304 and ASTM 316 types are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in chloride-bearing solutions at temperatures above about 60°C (140oF). At high temperatures, above about 100°C (212°F), chloride contents as low as in the ppm-range (10-4 %) are sufficient to cause stress corrosion cracking in these steels. A nickel content of 25% is sufficient to provide very good resistance under practical conditions. Laboratory tests in calcium chloride confirm the superiority of Sandvik 2RK65™ in resisting stress corrosion cracking compared to ASTM 304 and ASTM 316. As is shown by figure 9, the threshold stress (the stress necessary to induce fracture within the maximum testing time) is considerably higher for Sandvik 2RK65™ than for ASTM 304 and ASTM 316. Sandvik 2RK65™ is resistant up to at least 0.9 times the tensile strength. Autoclave tests at different chloride contents and temperatures provide valuable data for material selection. Also this type of testing demonstrates the good SCC-resistance of Sandvik 2RK65™, far better than ASTM 304 and ASTM 316 types of steels, see Figure 10. It is important to be aware of the fact that the residual stresses around a weld that has not been heat treated often equal the proof strength of the material. These stresses correspond to applied stress/tensile strength ratios of only 0.3–0.5, which is sufficient to exceed the threshold stress and thereby cause stress corrosion cracking in ASTM 304 and ASTM 316.


    Crevice corrosion: Both laboratory tests and practical experience have shown that Sandvik 2RK65™ is substantially more resistant to crevice corrosion than ASTM 316L. This is illustrated in Table 2. Crevices should nevertheless be avoided as far as possible, especially in chloride-bearing solutions. Table 2. Results of crevice corrosion tests in aerated stagnant NaCl solution (1.8% Cl⁻) pH = 6, test period 58 days. The area ratio between creviced and non-creviced surface on the specimen is 1/12.

    Metric units

    GradeInitiated crevice
    corrosion attacks, %
    Maximum depth, mm
    50°C60°C70°C50°C60°C70°C
    Sandvik 2RK65-00-00
    ASTM 316L3821-0.200.16-

    Imperial units

    GradeInitiated crevice
    corrosion attacks, %
    Maximum depth, mm
    120°F140°F160°F120°F140°F160°F
    Sandvik 2RK65-00-00
    ASTM 316L3821-0.0080.006-

    Heat Treatment

    The tubes are delivered in heat treated condition. If additional heat treatment is needed after further processing the following is recommended.

    Solution annealing: 1080–1150°C (1975–2100°F), 5–30 minutes, rapid quenching in air or water.

    Other

    Forms of supply:

    Seamless tube and pipe are supplied in dimension up to 230 mm (9.1 in.) outside diameter in the solution annealed and white-pickled condition or in the bright-annealed condition. Tubes can be bent according to customer drawings and, on request, annealed after bending.


    Fittings: 90 deg. bends are manufactured as standard in Sandvik 2RK65™ according to ANSI B16.9 and, where applicable, ASTM A403. Flanges are made as standard to ANSI B16.5 in the form of slip-on flanges (class 150) and weld neck flanges (class 300), and to relevant sections of ASTM A182. Fittings can be manufactured to other standards by agreement. Other types of fittings such as reducers, tees and couplings can also be supplied on request.


    Other forms of supply:

  • Welded tube and pipe
  • Strip, annealed or cold-rolled to different degrees of hardness
  • Wire, drawn or ground
  • Bar steel
  • Plate and sheet
  • Forged tube-sheets
  • Remove -Welding consumables
  • Welding

    The weldability of Sandvik 2RK65™ is good. Welding must be carried out without preheating, and normally there is no need for any subsequent heat treatment. Suitable methods of fusion welding are manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) and gas-shielded arc welding, with the TIG/GTAW method as first choice.


    In common with all fully austenitic stainless steels, Sandvik 2RK65™ has low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion. Welding plans should therefore be carefully selected in advance, so that distortions of the welded joint are minimized. If residual stresses are a concern, solution annealing can be performed after welding.

    For Sandvik 2RK65™, heat-input of <1.0 kJ/mm and interpass temperature of <100°C (210°F) are recommended. A string bead welding technique should be used.


    Recommended filler metals for temperature:

    • TIG/GTAW or MIG/GMAW welding
      • ISO 14343 S 20 25 5 Cu L/ AWS A5.9 ER385 (e.g. Exaton 20.25.5.LCu)
    • MMA/SMAW welding
      • ISO 3581 E 20 25 5 Cu N L R/ AWS A5.4 E385-16 (e.g. Exaton 20.25.5.LCuR)
      • ISO 14343 S 20 25 5 Cu L wire or strip electrodes are recommended for overlay welding of tube sheets and high-pressure vessels in cases where corrosion resistance, equal to that of Sandvik 2RK65™, is required.