Sandvik SAF 2507® Cold Worked

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Description

Sandvik SAF 2507® is a super-duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. The grade is characterized by:


  • Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in chloride-bearing environments
  • Excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
  • High resistance to general corrosion
  • Very high mechanical strength
  • Physical properties that offer design advantages
  • High resistance to erosion corrosion and corrosion fatigue
  • Good weldability

  • More technical information and charts that are relevant to the materials corrosion, mechanical and physical performance are displayed in the figures on the right side of the material page.


    Datasheet URL:

    Sandvik SAF 2507® Cold Worked


    Datasheet updated 2019-12-20 09:52 (supersedes all previous editions)

    Related Standards

    Equivalent Materials

    This material data has been provided by Sandvik Materials Technology.

    "Typical" values were obtained via a literature search. "Predicted" values were imputed via artificial intelligence technology. While we have placed significant efforts in ensuring data accuracy, "typical" and "predicted" data should be considered indicative and verified by appropriate material testing. Please do contact us if additional information on the the predicted data method is required.
    All metrics apply to room temperature unless otherwise stated. SI units used unless otherwise stated.
    Equivalent standards are similar to one or more standards provided by the supplier. Some equivalent standards may be stricter whereas others may be outside the bounds of the original standard.

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    Properties

    General

    PropertyTemperatureValueComment

    Density

    23.0 °C

    7.8 g/cm³

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    Recycled Content

    82.1 %

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    Average recycled content

    Mechanical

    PropertyTemperatureValueComment

    Charpy impact energy

    -50.0 °C

    27 J

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    gas shielded arc weldment

    Elastic modulus

    20.0 °C

    200 GPa

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    100.0 °C

    194 GPa

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    200.0 °C

    186 GPa

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    300.0 °C

    180 GPa

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    Elongation A2

    23.0 °C

    9 %

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    min.

    Hardness, Rockwell C

    23.0 °C

    38 [-]

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    max.

    Tensile strength

    23.0 °C

    896 - 1000 MPa

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    min.

    Yield strength Rp0.2

    23.0 °C

    862 - 1103 MPa

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    Thermal

    PropertyTemperatureValueComment

    Coefficient of thermal expansion

    100.0 °C

    1.35E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    200.0 °C

    1.4E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    300.0 °C

    1.4E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

    400.0 °C

    1.45E-5 1/K

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    for 30°C to the mentioned temperature

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    Specific heat capacity

    20.0 °C

    490 J/(kg·K)

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    100.0 °C

    505 J/(kg·K)

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    200.0 °C

    520 J/(kg·K)

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    300.0 °C

    550 J/(kg·K)

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    400.0 °C

    585 J/(kg·K)

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    Thermal conductivity

    20.0 °C

    14 W/(m·K)

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    100.0 °C

    15 W/(m·K)

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    200.0 °C

    17 W/(m·K)

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    300.0 °C

    18 W/(m·K)

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    400.0 °C

    20 W/(m·K)

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    Electrical

    PropertyTemperatureValue

    Electrical resistivity

    20.0 °C

    8.3E-7 Ω·m

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    100.0 °C

    8.9E-7 Ω·m

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    200.0 °C

    9.6E-7 Ω·m

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    300.0 °C

    1.03E-6 Ω·m

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    400.0 °C

    1.08E-6 Ω·m

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    Chemical properties

    PropertyValueComment

    Carbon

    0.03 %

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    max.

    Chromium

    25 %

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    Iron

    Balance

    Manganese

    1.2 %

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    max.

    Molybdenum

    4 %

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    Nickel

    7 %

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    Nitrogen

    0.3 %

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    Phosphorus

    0.03 %

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    max.

    Silicon

    0.8 %

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    max.

    Sulfur

    0.015 %

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    max.

    Technological properties

    Property
    Application areas

    Sandvik SAF 2507® is a duplex stainless steel especially designed for service in aggressive chloride-containing environments. Typical applications are:

  • Oil and gas exploration and production: Chloride-containing environments such as seawater handling and process systems. Hydraulic and process fluid tubes in umbilicals
  • Seawater cooling: Tubing for heat exchangers in refineries, chemical industries, process industries and other industries using seawater or chlorinated seawater as coolant
  • Salt evaporation: Evaporator tubing for production of corrosive salts, e.g. chlorides, sulfates and carbonates
  • Desalination plants: Pressure vessels for reverse osmosis units, tube and pipe for seawater transport, heat exchanger tubing
  • Geothermal wells: Heat exchangers in geothermal exploitation units, systems exposed to geothermal or high salinity brines, tubing and casing for production
  • Oil refining and petrochemical and gas processing: Tubes and pipes where the process environment contains a high amount of chlorides, or is contaminated with hydrochloric acid
  • Pulp and paper production: Material for chloride-containing bleaching environments
  • Chemical processing: Organic acid plants, also when process solutions are contaminated with e.g. chlorides
  • Mechanical components requiring high strength: Propeller shafts and other products subjected to high mechanical load in seawater and other chloride-containing environments
  • Desulfurization units: As reheater tubes in flue gas desulfurization systems. The good mechanical and corrosion properties make Sandvik SAF 2507® an economical choice in many applications by reducing the life cycle cost of equipment.
  • Certifications

    Approvals

  • Approved by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) for use in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, div. 1. There is no approval for UNS S32750 in the form of plate. However, according to ASME paragraph UG-15, the design values for seamless tube according to ASME Section VIII, div. 1 are also allowed to be used for plate.
  • ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery piping
  • VdTÜV-Werkstoffblatt 508
  • NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 (Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H₂S-containing Environments in oil and gas production - Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion resistant alloys and other alloys) (Published:2015)

  • If Sandvik SAF 2507® is exposed to temperatures exceeding 250°C (480°F), for prolonged periods, the microstructure changes, which results in a reduction in impact strength. This does not necessarily affect the behavior of the material at the operating temperature. For example, heat exchanger tubes can be used at higher temperatures without any problems. Please contact Sandvik for more information. For pressure vessel applications, 250°C (480°F) is required as a maximum, according to VdTÜV-Wb 508 and NGS 1609.

    Cold Forming

    The starting force needed for bending is slightly higher for Sandvik SAF 2507® than for standard austenitic stainless steels (ASTM 304L and 316L). If the service conditions are on the limit of the stress corrosion resistance of Sandvik SAF 2507® heat treatment is recommended after cold bending. For pressure vessel applications in Germany and the Nordic countries heat treatment may be required after cold deformation in accordance with VdTÜV-Wb 508 and NGS 1609. Heat treatment should be carried out by solution annealing (See under Heat treatment) or resistance annealing.

    Corrosion properties

    General corrosion: Sandvik SAF 2507® is highly resistant to corrosion by organic acids, e.g. experience less than 0.05 mm/year in 10% formic and 50% acetic acid where ASTM 316L has corrosion rate higher than 0.2 mm/year. Pure formic acid see Figure 4. Also in contaminated acid Sandvik SAF 2507® remains resistant.


    Figure 5 and Figure 6 show results from tests of Sandvik SAF 2507® and various stainless steels and nickel alloys in acetic acid contaminated with chlorides which in practise are frequently present in processes.


    Practical experience with Sandvik SAF 2507® in organic acids, e.g. in teraphthalic acid plants, has shown that this alloy is highly resistant to this type of environment. The alloy is therefore a competitive alternative to high alloyed austenitics and nickel alloys in applications where standard austenitic stainless steels corrode at a high rate.


    Resistance to inorganic acids is comparable to, or even better than that of high alloy austenitic stainless steels in certain concentration ranges. Figures 7 to 9 show isocorrosion diagrams for sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid contaminated with 2000 ppm chloride ions, and hydrochloric acid, respectively.


    Pitting and crevice corrosion: The pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steel is primarily determined by the content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. The manufacturing and fabrication practice, e.g. welding, are also of vital importance for the actual performance in service.


    A parameter for comparing the resistance to pitting in chloride environments is the PRE number (Pitting Resistance Equivalent). The PRE is defined as, in weight-%, PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N


    For duplex stainless steels the pitting corrosion resistance is dependent on the PRE value in both the ferrite phase and the austenite phase, so that the phase with the lowest PRE value will be limiting for the actual pitting corrosion resistance. In Sandvik SAF 2507® the PRE value is equal in both phases, which has been achieved by a careful balance of the elements.


    The minimum PRE value for Sandvik SAF 2507® seamless tubes is 42.5. This is significantly higher than e.g. the PRE values for other duplex stainless steels of the 25Cr type which are not super-duplex. As an example UNS S31260 25Cr3Mo0.2N has a minimum PRE-value of 33.


    One of the most severe pitting and crevice corrosion tests applied to stainless steel is ASTM G48, i.e. exposure to 6% FeCI₃ with and without crevices (method A and B respectively). In a modified version of the ASTM G48 A test, the sample is exposed for periods of 24 hours. When pits are detected together with a substantial weight loss (>5 mg), the test is interrupted. Otherwise the temperature is increased by 5 °C (9 °F) and the test is continued with the same sample. Figure 11 shows critical pitting and crevice temperatures (CPT and CCT) from the test.


    Potentiostatic tests in solutions with different chloride contents are presented in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the effect of increased acidity. In both cases the applied potential is 600 mV vs SCE, a very high value compared with that normally associated with natural unchlorinated seawater, thus resulting in lower critical temperatures compared with most practical service conditions.


    The scatter band for Sandvik SAF 2507® and 6Mo+N illustrates the fact that both alloys have similar resistance to pitting, and CPT-values are within the range shown in the figure. Tests were performed in natural seawater to determine the critical crevice corrosion temperature of samples with an applied potential of 150 mV vs SCE. The temperature was raised by 4°C (7°F) steps every 24 hours until crevice corrosion occurred. The results are shown in the table below.


    AlloyCCT (°C)
    Sandvik SAF 250764
    6Mo+N61


    In these tests the propagation rates of initiated crevice corrosion attacks, at 15-50°C (59-122°F) and an applied potential of 150 mV vs SCE were also determined. These were found to be around ten times lower for Sandvik SAF 2507® than for the 6Mo+N alloy.


    The corrosion resistance of Sandvik SAF 2507® in oxidizing chloride solutions is illustrated by critical pitting temperatures (CPT) determined in a 'Green death' -solution (1% FeCI₃ + 1% CuCl₂ +11% H₂SO₄ + 1.2% HCI) and in a 'Yellow death' -solution (0.1 % Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 4% NaCl + 0.01 M HCI). The table below shows CPT-values for different alloys in these solutions. It is clear that the values for Sandvik SAF 2507® are on the same level as those for the nickel alloy UNS N06625. The tests demonstrate a good correlation with the ranking of alloys for use as reheater tubes in flue gas desulfurization systems.


    Critical pitting temperature (CPT) determined in different test solutions.

    AlloyCritical pitting temperature (CPT), °C, 'Green death''Yellow death'
    Sandvik SAF 250772.5>90
    6Mo+N70>90
    UNS N0662562.5>90
    ASTM 316<2520


    Stress corrosion cracking: Sandvik SAF 2507® has excellent resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC).


    The SCC resistance of Sandvik SAF 2507® in chloride solutions at high temperatures is illustrated in Figure 13. There were no signs of SCC up to 1000 ppm Cl-/300°C and 10000 ppm Cl-/250°C.


    Sandvik SAF 2507® U-bend specimens exposed for 1000 hours in hot brine (108°C, 226°F, 25% NaCl) showed no cracking. The threshold stress for Sandvik SAF 2507® in 40% CaCl₂ at 100 °C (210 °F) and pH = 6.5 is above 90% of the tensile strength for both parent metal and welded joints (TIG-welded with Sandvik 25.10.4.L or MMA-welded with Sandvik 25.10.4.LR).


    Figure 14 shows the result of testing in 40% CaCl₂ at 100 °C (210 °F) acidified to pH = 1.5. Acidifying of the standard test solution to pH = 1.5 lowers the threshold stress for Sandvik SAF 2205™, but not for Sandvik SAF 2507®. This applies to both parent metal and welded joints.


    The threshold stress for both parent metal and welded joints of Sandvik SAF 2507® in boiling 45% MgCl₂ , 155°C (311°F) (ASTM G36), is approximately 50% of the proof strength.


    Figure 15 shows the results of SCC tests at room temperature in NACE TM0177 Test solution A (5% sodium chloride and 0.5% acetic acid saturated with hydrogen sulfide). No cracking occurred on Sandvik SAF 2507®, irrespective of the applied stress.


    In aqueous solutions containing hydrogen sulfide and chlorides, stress corrosion cracking can also occur on stainless steels at temperatures below 60 °C (140 °F). The corrosivity of such solutions is affected by acidity and chloride content. In direct contrast to the case with ordinary chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, ferritic stainless steels are more sensitive to this type of stress corrosion cracking than austenitic steels.


    In accordance with ISO 15156/NACE MR 0175 solution annealed and rapid cooled wrought Sandvik SAF 2507® is suitable for use at temperatures up to 450 °F (232 °C) in sour environments in oil and gas production, if the partial pressure of hydrogen sulphide does not exceed 3 psi (0.20 bar).


    Sandvik SAF 2507®, with a maximum hardness of 32 HRC, solution annealed and rapidly cooled, according to NACE MR0103, is suitable for use in sour petroleum refining.


    Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC): Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) is an embrittlement phenomenon which may occur in cathodically protected subsea steel constructions in the presence of high tensile stresses. When connected to cathodically protected carbon steels, super duplex stainless steels will also be cathodically protected even though this is not necessary. At the prevalent low electrochemical potentials, atomic hydrogen will be generated on the steel surfaces by the reduction of sea water. Embrittlement due to HISC may occur when hydrogen diffuses into the metal.


    Hydrogen diffuses much faster in the ferrite phase than in the austenite phase. Therefore, ferritic steels and ferrite containing steels, e.g. super duplex stainless steels, are more susceptible to HISC than austenitic stainless steels. A high mechanical stress increases the risk of HISC by increasing the hydrogen diffusion rate, crack initiation and propagation in the material.


    In super duplex stainless steels, cracks tend to propagate in the embrittled ferrite phase and arrest at ferrite-austenite phase boundaries. Susceptibility to HISC significantly increases with increasing austenite spacing. Coarse-grained microstructures are therefore more susceptible. A testing program performed at Sandvik Materials Technology has confirmed that tendency to HISC is reduced when austenite spacing is less than 30 μm, as recommended by DNV RP-F112. Cold pilgered and solution annealed tubes with austenite spacing between 5-15 μm have shown very good resistance to HISC under applied stress up to 130% of the yield strength without cracking.


    The acceptable stress without HISC occurring for products with different austenite spacing is illustrated in figure 16.


    Intergranular corrosion: Sandvik SAF 2507® is a member of the family of modern duplex stainless steels whose chemical composition is balanced to give quick reformation of austenite in the high temperature heat affected zone of a weld. This results in a microstructure that provides the material with good resistance to intergranular corrosion. Sandvik SAF 2507® passes testing to ASTM A262 Practice E (Strauss test) without reservation.


    Erosion corrosion: The mechanical properties combined with corrosion resistance give Sandvik SAF 2507® a good resistance to erosion corrosion. Testing in sand containing media has shown that Sandvik SAF 2507® has an erosion corrosion resistance better than corresponding austenitic stainless steels. Figure 17 below shows the relative mass loss rate of the duplex Sandvik SAF 2507®, Sandvik SAF 2205™ and an austenitic 6Mo+N type steel after exposure to synthetic seawater (ASTM D-1141) containing 0.025-0.25% silica sand at a velocity of 8.9-29.3 m/s (average of all tests is shown).


    Corrosion fatigue: Duplex stainless steels which have a high tensile strength usually have a high fatigue limit and high resistance to both fatigue and corrosion fatigue. The high fatigue strength of Sandvik SAF 2507® can be explained by its good mechanical properties, while its high resistance to corrosion fatigue has been proven by fatigue testing in corrosive media.

    Expanding

    Compared to austenitic stainless steels, Sandvik SAF 2507® has a higher proof and tensile strength. This must be kept in mind when expanding tubes into tubesheets. Normal expanding methods can be used, but the expansion requires higher initial force and should be undertaken in one operation. As a general rule, tube to tubesheet joints should be welded if the service conditions include a high chloride concentration, thus limiting the risk of crevice corrosion.

    Heat Treatment

    The tubes are normally delivered in heat treated condition. If additional heat treatment is needed due to further processing the following is recommended.

    Solution annealing: 1050-1125°C (1920-2060°F), rapid cooling in air or water.

    Hot forming

    Hot bending is carried out at 1125-1025°C (2060-1880°F) and should be followed by solution annealing.

    Machining

    Being a two-phase material (austenitic-ferritic) Sandvik SAF 2507® will present a different tool wear profile from that of single-phase steels of type ASTM 304L. The cutting speed must therefore be lower than that recommended for ASTM 304L. It is recommended that a tougher insert grade is used than when machining austenitic stainless steels, e.g. ASTM 304L.

    Other

    Forms of supply:

    Seamless tube and pipe in Sandvik SAF 2507® is supplied in dimensions up to 260 mm outside diameter. The delivery condition is solution annealed and either white pickled, or bright annealed.


    Other forms of supply:


  • Welded tube and pipe
  • Fittings and flanges
  • Plate, sheet and wide strip
  • Bar steel
  • Forged products
  • Cast products
  • Welding

    The weldability of Sandvik SAF 2507® is good. Welding must be carried out without preheating and subsequent heat treatment is normally not necessary. Suitable methods of fusion welding are manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) and gas-shielded arc welding, with the TIG/GTAW method as first choice.


    For Sandvik SAF 2507®, heat input of 0.2-1.5 kJ/mm and interpass temperature of <150°C (300°F) are recommended.


    Recommended filler metals:

    • GTAW/TIG welding
      • ISO 14343 S 25 9 4 N L / AWS A5.9 ER2594 (e.g. Exaton 25.10.4.L)
    • MMA/SMAW welding
      • ISO 3581 E 25 9 4 N L R / AWS A5.4 E2594-16 (e.g. Exaton 25.10.4.LR)
      • ISO 3581 E 25 9 4 N L B / AWS A5.4 E2594-15 (e.g. Exaton 25.10.4.LB)


    Overlay welding:

  • ISO 14343 S 25 9 4 N L / AWS A5.9 ER2594 (e.g. Exaton 25.10.4.L) wire or strip electrodes are recommended for overlay welding of tube sheets and high-pressure vessels in cases where corrosion resistance, equal to that of Sandvik SAF 2507®, is required.