General
Mechanical
Property | Temperature | Value | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Charpy impact energy | -50.0 °C | 27 J Show Supplier Material materials with Charpy impact energy of 27 J | gas shielded arc weldment |
Elastic modulus | 20.0 °C | 200 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 200 GPa | |
100.0 °C | 194 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 194 GPa | ||
200.0 °C | 186 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 186 GPa | ||
300.0 °C | 180 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 180 GPa | ||
Elongation A2 | 23.0 °C | 9 % Show Supplier Material materials with Elongation A2 of 9 % | min. |
Hardness, Rockwell C | 23.0 °C | 38 [-] Show Supplier Material materials with Hardness, Rockwell C of 38 [-] | max. |
Tensile strength | 23.0 °C | 896 - 1000 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 896 - 1000 MPa | min. |
Yield strength Rp0.2 | 23.0 °C | 862 - 1103 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 862 - 1103 MPa |
Thermal
Property | Temperature | Value | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient of thermal expansion | 100.0 °C | 1.35E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.35E-5 1/K | for 30°C to the mentioned temperature |
200.0 °C | 1.4E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.4E-5 1/K | for 30°C to the mentioned temperature | |
300.0 °C | 1.4E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.4E-5 1/K | for 30°C to the mentioned temperature | |
400.0 °C | 1.45E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.45E-5 1/K | for 30°C to the mentioned temperature | |
Specific heat capacity | 20.0 °C | 490 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 490 J/(kg·K) | |
100.0 °C | 505 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 505 J/(kg·K) | ||
200.0 °C | 520 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 520 J/(kg·K) | ||
300.0 °C | 550 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 550 J/(kg·K) | ||
400.0 °C | 585 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 585 J/(kg·K) | ||
Thermal conductivity | 20.0 °C | 14 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 14 W/(m·K) | |
100.0 °C | 15 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m·K) | ||
200.0 °C | 17 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 17 W/(m·K) | ||
300.0 °C | 18 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 18 W/(m·K) | ||
400.0 °C | 20 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 20 W/(m·K) | ||
Electrical
Property | Temperature | Value |
---|---|---|
Electrical resistivity | 20.0 °C | 8.3E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 8.3E-7 Ω·m |
100.0 °C | 8.9E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 8.9E-7 Ω·m | |
200.0 °C | 9.6E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 9.6E-7 Ω·m | |
300.0 °C | 1.03E-6 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 1.03E-6 Ω·m | |
400.0 °C | 1.08E-6 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 1.08E-6 Ω·m | |
Chemical properties
Property | Value | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|
Carbon | 0.03 % Show Supplier Material materials with Carbon of 0.03 % | max. | |
Chromium | 25 % Show Supplier Material materials with Chromium of 25 % | ||
Iron | Balance | ||
Manganese | 1.2 % Show Supplier Material materials with Manganese of 1.2 % | max. | |
Molybdenum | 4 % Show Supplier Material materials with Molybdenum of 4 % | ||
Nickel | 7 % Show Supplier Material materials with Nickel of 7 % | ||
Nitrogen | 0.3 % Show Supplier Material materials with Nitrogen of 0.3 % | ||
Phosphorus | 0.03 % Show Supplier Material materials with Phosphorus of 0.03 % | max. | |
Silicon | 0.8 % Show Supplier Material materials with Silicon of 0.8 % | max. | |
Sulfur | 0.015 % Show Supplier Material materials with Sulfur of 0.015 % | max. |
Technological properties
Property | ||
---|---|---|
Application areas | Sandvik SAF 2507® is a duplex stainless steel especially designed for service in aggressive chloride-containing environments. Typical applications are: | |
Certifications | Approvals If Sandvik SAF 2507® is exposed to temperatures exceeding 250°C (480°F), for prolonged periods, the microstructure changes, which results in a reduction in impact strength. This does not necessarily affect the behavior of the material at the operating temperature. For example, heat exchanger tubes can be used at higher temperatures without any problems. Please contact Sandvik for more information. For pressure vessel applications, 250°C (480°F) is required as a maximum, according to VdTÜV-Wb 508 and NGS 1609. | |
Cold Forming | The starting force needed for bending is slightly higher for Sandvik SAF 2507® than for standard austenitic stainless steels (ASTM 304L and 316L). If the service conditions are on the limit of the stress corrosion resistance of Sandvik SAF 2507® heat treatment is recommended after cold bending. For pressure vessel applications in Germany and the Nordic countries heat treatment may be required after cold deformation in accordance with VdTÜV-Wb 508 and NGS 1609. Heat treatment should be carried out by solution annealing (See under Heat treatment) or resistance annealing. | |
Corrosion properties | General corrosion: Sandvik SAF 2507® is highly resistant to corrosion by organic acids, e.g. experience less than 0.05 mm/year in 10% formic and 50% acetic acid where ASTM 316L has corrosion rate higher than 0.2 mm/year. Pure formic acid see Figure 4. Also in contaminated acid Sandvik SAF 2507® remains resistant. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show results from tests of Sandvik SAF 2507® and various stainless steels and nickel alloys in acetic acid contaminated with chlorides which in practise are frequently present in processes. Practical experience with Sandvik SAF 2507® in organic acids, e.g. in teraphthalic acid plants, has shown that this alloy is highly resistant to this type of environment. The alloy is therefore a competitive alternative to high alloyed austenitics and nickel alloys in applications where standard austenitic stainless steels corrode at a high rate. Resistance to inorganic acids is comparable to, or even better than that of high alloy austenitic stainless steels in certain concentration ranges. Figures 7 to 9 show isocorrosion diagrams for sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid contaminated with 2000 ppm chloride ions, and hydrochloric acid, respectively. Pitting and crevice corrosion: The pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steel is primarily determined by the content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. The manufacturing and fabrication practice, e.g. welding, are also of vital importance for the actual performance in service. A parameter for comparing the resistance to pitting in chloride environments is the PRE number (Pitting Resistance Equivalent). The PRE is defined as, in weight-%, PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N For duplex stainless steels the pitting corrosion resistance is dependent on the PRE value in both the ferrite phase and the austenite phase, so that the phase with the lowest PRE value will be limiting for the actual pitting corrosion resistance. In Sandvik SAF 2507® the PRE value is equal in both phases, which has been achieved by a careful balance of the elements. The minimum PRE value for Sandvik SAF 2507® seamless tubes is 42.5. This is significantly higher than e.g. the PRE values for other duplex stainless steels of the 25Cr type which are not super-duplex. As an example UNS S31260 25Cr3Mo0.2N has a minimum PRE-value of 33. One of the most severe pitting and crevice corrosion tests applied to stainless steel is ASTM G48, i.e. exposure to 6% FeCI₃ with and without crevices (method A and B respectively). In a modified version of the ASTM G48 A test, the sample is exposed for periods of 24 hours. When pits are detected together with a substantial weight loss (>5 mg), the test is interrupted. Otherwise the temperature is increased by 5 °C (9 °F) and the test is continued with the same sample. Figure 11 shows critical pitting and crevice temperatures (CPT and CCT) from the test. Potentiostatic tests in solutions with different chloride contents are presented in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the effect of increased acidity. In both cases the applied potential is 600 mV vs SCE, a very high value compared with that normally associated with natural unchlorinated seawater, thus resulting in lower critical temperatures compared with most practical service conditions. The scatter band for Sandvik SAF 2507® and 6Mo+N illustrates the fact that both alloys have similar resistance to pitting, and CPT-values are within the range shown in the figure. Tests were performed in natural seawater to determine the critical crevice corrosion temperature of samples with an applied potential of 150 mV vs SCE. The temperature was raised by 4°C (7°F) steps every 24 hours until crevice corrosion occurred. The results are shown in the table below. In these tests the propagation rates of initiated crevice corrosion attacks, at 15-50°C (59-122°F) and an applied potential of 150 mV vs SCE were also determined. These were found to be around ten times lower for Sandvik SAF 2507® than for the 6Mo+N alloy. The corrosion resistance of Sandvik SAF 2507® in oxidizing chloride solutions is illustrated by critical pitting temperatures (CPT) determined in a 'Green death' -solution (1% FeCI₃ + 1% CuCl₂ +11% H₂SO₄ + 1.2% HCI) and in a 'Yellow death' -solution (0.1 % Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 4% NaCl + 0.01 M HCI). The table below shows CPT-values for different alloys in these solutions. It is clear that the values for Sandvik SAF 2507® are on the same level as those for the nickel alloy UNS N06625. The tests demonstrate a good correlation with the ranking of alloys for use as reheater tubes in flue gas desulfurization systems. Critical pitting temperature (CPT) determined in different test solutions. Stress corrosion cracking: Sandvik SAF 2507® has excellent resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The SCC resistance of Sandvik SAF 2507® in chloride solutions at high temperatures is illustrated in Figure 13. There were no signs of SCC up to 1000 ppm Cl-/300°C and 10000 ppm Cl-/250°C. Sandvik SAF 2507® U-bend specimens exposed for 1000 hours in hot brine (108°C, 226°F, 25% NaCl) showed no cracking. The threshold stress for Sandvik SAF 2507® in 40% CaCl₂ at 100 °C (210 °F) and pH = 6.5 is above 90% of the tensile strength for both parent metal and welded joints (TIG-welded with Sandvik 25.10.4.L or MMA-welded with Sandvik 25.10.4.LR). Figure 14 shows the result of testing in 40% CaCl₂ at 100 °C (210 °F) acidified to pH = 1.5. Acidifying of the standard test solution to pH = 1.5 lowers the threshold stress for Sandvik SAF 2205™, but not for Sandvik SAF 2507®. This applies to both parent metal and welded joints. The threshold stress for both parent metal and welded joints of Sandvik SAF 2507® in boiling 45% MgCl₂ , 155°C (311°F) (ASTM G36), is approximately 50% of the proof strength. Figure 15 shows the results of SCC tests at room temperature in NACE TM0177 Test solution A (5% sodium chloride and 0.5% acetic acid saturated with hydrogen sulfide). No cracking occurred on Sandvik SAF 2507®, irrespective of the applied stress. In aqueous solutions containing hydrogen sulfide and chlorides, stress corrosion cracking can also occur on stainless steels at temperatures below 60 °C (140 °F). The corrosivity of such solutions is affected by acidity and chloride content. In direct contrast to the case with ordinary chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, ferritic stainless steels are more sensitive to this type of stress corrosion cracking than austenitic steels. In accordance with ISO 15156/NACE MR 0175 solution annealed and rapid cooled wrought Sandvik SAF 2507® is suitable for use at temperatures up to 450 °F (232 °C) in sour environments in oil and gas production, if the partial pressure of hydrogen sulphide does not exceed 3 psi (0.20 bar). Sandvik SAF 2507®, with a maximum hardness of 32 HRC, solution annealed and rapidly cooled, according to NACE MR0103, is suitable for use in sour petroleum refining. Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC): Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) is an embrittlement phenomenon which may occur in cathodically protected subsea steel constructions in the presence of high tensile stresses. When connected to cathodically protected carbon steels, super duplex stainless steels will also be cathodically protected even though this is not necessary. At the prevalent low electrochemical potentials, atomic hydrogen will be generated on the steel surfaces by the reduction of sea water. Embrittlement due to HISC may occur when hydrogen diffuses into the metal. Hydrogen diffuses much faster in the ferrite phase than in the austenite phase. Therefore, ferritic steels and ferrite containing steels, e.g. super duplex stainless steels, are more susceptible to HISC than austenitic stainless steels. A high mechanical stress increases the risk of HISC by increasing the hydrogen diffusion rate, crack initiation and propagation in the material. In super duplex stainless steels, cracks tend to propagate in the embrittled ferrite phase and arrest at ferrite-austenite phase boundaries. Susceptibility to HISC significantly increases with increasing austenite spacing. Coarse-grained microstructures are therefore more susceptible. A testing program performed at Sandvik Materials Technology has confirmed that tendency to HISC is reduced when austenite spacing is less than 30 μm, as recommended by DNV RP-F112. Cold pilgered and solution annealed tubes with austenite spacing between 5-15 μm have shown very good resistance to HISC under applied stress up to 130% of the yield strength without cracking. The acceptable stress without HISC occurring for products with different austenite spacing is illustrated in figure 16. Intergranular corrosion: Sandvik SAF 2507® is a member of the family of modern duplex stainless steels whose chemical composition is balanced to give quick reformation of austenite in the high temperature heat affected zone of a weld. This results in a microstructure that provides the material with good resistance to intergranular corrosion. Sandvik SAF 2507® passes testing to ASTM A262 Practice E (Strauss test) without reservation. Erosion corrosion: The mechanical properties combined with corrosion resistance give Sandvik SAF 2507® a good resistance to erosion corrosion. Testing in sand containing media has shown that Sandvik SAF 2507® has an erosion corrosion resistance better than corresponding austenitic stainless steels. Figure 17 below shows the relative mass loss rate of the duplex Sandvik SAF 2507®, Sandvik SAF 2205™ and an austenitic 6Mo+N type steel after exposure to synthetic seawater (ASTM D-1141) containing 0.025-0.25% silica sand at a velocity of 8.9-29.3 m/s (average of all tests is shown). Corrosion fatigue: Duplex stainless steels which have a high tensile strength usually have a high fatigue limit and high resistance to both fatigue and corrosion fatigue. The high fatigue strength of Sandvik SAF 2507® can be explained by its good mechanical properties, while its high resistance to corrosion fatigue has been proven by fatigue testing in corrosive media. | |
Expanding | Compared to austenitic stainless steels, Sandvik SAF 2507® has a higher proof and tensile strength. This must be kept in mind when expanding tubes into tubesheets. Normal expanding methods can be used, but the expansion requires higher initial force and should be undertaken in one operation. As a general rule, tube to tubesheet joints should be welded if the service conditions include a high chloride concentration, thus limiting the risk of crevice corrosion. | |
Heat Treatment | The tubes are normally delivered in heat treated condition. If additional heat treatment is needed due to further processing the following is recommended. Solution annealing: 1050-1125°C (1920-2060°F), rapid cooling in air or water. | |
Hot forming | Hot bending is carried out at 1125-1025°C (2060-1880°F) and should be followed by solution annealing. | |
Machining | Being a two-phase material (austenitic-ferritic) Sandvik SAF 2507® will present a different tool wear profile from that of single-phase steels of type ASTM 304L. The cutting speed must therefore be lower than that recommended for ASTM 304L. It is recommended that a tougher insert grade is used than when machining austenitic stainless steels, e.g. ASTM 304L. | |
Other | Forms of supply: Seamless tube and pipe in Sandvik SAF 2507® is supplied in dimensions up to 260 mm outside diameter. The delivery condition is solution annealed and either white pickled, or bright annealed. Other forms of supply: | |
Welding | The weldability of Sandvik SAF 2507® is good. Welding must be carried out without preheating and subsequent heat treatment is normally not necessary. Suitable methods of fusion welding are manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) and gas-shielded arc welding, with the TIG/GTAW method as first choice. For Sandvik SAF 2507®, heat input of 0.2-1.5 kJ/mm and interpass temperature of <150°C (300°F) are recommended. Recommended filler metals:
Overlay welding: |