Properties
General
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
Density | 7.5 g/cm³ Show Supplier Material materials with Density of 7.5 g/cm³ |
Mechanical
Thermal
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
Specific heat capacity | 500 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 500 J/(kg·K) |
Thermal conductivity | 17 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 17 W/(m·K) |
Electrical
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
Electrical resistivity | 1.1e-06 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 1.1e-06 Ω·m |
Chemical properties
| Property | Value | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Carbon | 0.06 Show Supplier Material materials with Carbon of 0.06 | max. |
Chromium | 23.0 - 24.0 % Show Supplier Material materials with Chromium of 23.0 - 24.0 % | |
Manganese | 1.0 Show Supplier Material materials with Manganese of 1.0 | max. |
Molybdenum | 0.5 Show Supplier Material materials with Molybdenum of 0.5 | |
Nickel | 0.5 Show Supplier Material materials with Nickel of 0.5 | max. |
Nitrogen | 0.1 Show Supplier Material materials with Nitrogen of 0.1 | max. |
Phosphorus | 0.03 Show Supplier Material materials with Phosphorus of 0.03 | max. |
Silicon | 0.7000000000000001 Show Supplier Material materials with Silicon of 0.7000000000000001 | max. |
Sulfur | 0.03 Show Supplier Material materials with Sulfur of 0.03 | max. |
Technological properties
| Property | ||
|---|---|---|
| Application areas | ||
| Cold Forming | Cold heading Due to a good ductility, UGI® 446 is well adapted to cold heading. It is sensitive to scratch lines coming either from hot rolling or from cold drawing. This can lead to surface cracks after severe cold deformations. Bending – Forming UGI® 446, being ductile, is well adapted to bending and forming. Its transition temperature (ductile / brittle) being close to ambient temperature, slow deformation speed is recommended. Depending on the thermo-mechanical transformation before bending, stretched surfaces may show lumpy surface (so called ‘orange skin’) linked to coarse grains underneath the wire surface. Drawing – Profiling UGI® 446 is suitable for cold forming by conventional methods. As others ferritic grades, cold deformation increases slightly the mechanical properties (Rm and Rp0.2) of the grade and reduces its ductility. Cold drawing can be processed in reduction of section up to 80%. (See the chart on the right side of the material page) | |
| Corrosion properties | Localized corrosion Pitting corrosion: Pitting corrosion resistance can be assessed by measuring the pitting potential in our laboratory (test standardised to ISO 15158). In lightly salted aqueous solution containing NaCl 0,02 M, the table below gives the pitting potential for majors ferritic stainless steel grades. Measured samples were polished in the rolling direction of the rod or the wire. Surfaces of the samples were naturally aged for 24 h after mechanical polishing and before pitting corrosion tests. Pitting corrosion potential of UGI® 446 is greater than the one of standard ferritic UGI® 430 but not as high than the ones of ferritic Titanium or Niobium stabilized grades as 4511, 4509 or 4621 due to a light intergranular corrosion sensitivity. Thermal oxidation: UGI® 446 stands well thermal oxidation, it is commonly used for applications where temperature is into the range 800 and 1150°C. Especially it stands well against scaling off effect during cycling tests. | |
| General machinability | Turning As other ferritic grades, the machinability of UGI® 446 requires some cares. During turning, accumulation and sticking material may occur at the tip of the cutting tool. This could lead to early tool wear, rough surface of the turned parts, even up to deviation on part size. To contain these inconveniences, the use of coated cutting tools is recommended (TiN or TiAlN for example). In order to ease chips removal, a high pressurized flow of lubricant is advisable. Lubricant with extreme pressure additives is recommended. Drilling Even more critical than for turning operations, lubrication during drilling of UGI® 446 is critical. Lubricant flow should be regular and generous (pressure and flow rate). On large drilling diameters, the use of drills with through hole of oil (internal lubrication) is preferred. 130 – 140° included angle for carbide drills or 118° for HSS drills are recommended. | |
| Heat Treatment | UGI® 446 has a structure 100% ferritic when annealed. Thus there is no need to do further heat treatment if the material has been only cold worked. However, after a long exposure to temperature in between 350 and 800°C which may lead to material brittleness (sigma phase or ferrite de-mixing), it is possible to restore annealed structure with a thermal treatment in between 800 and 1130°C. A full annealing without producing coarse grains which could be detrimental for applications like bending should be done with a thermal treatment in between 840 and 900°C (2 hours minimum) followed by rapid cooling in water or pulsed air. | |
| Hot forming | Forging UGI® 446 can be easily forged at between 800°C and 1130°C where its forgeabilty is at maximum. Components can be quickly cooled. This can be done either in air or in water. | |
| Other | UGI® 446 exhibits a transition temperature (ductile – brittle) close to ambient temperature. On that ground, it is advisable not to use it in great thicknesses, for example larger than 80 mm for plain bar. Available products: Other: contact the supplier | |
| Welding | As all the ferritics grades non stabilized with titanium nor niobium, UGI® 446 is difficult to weld. Welding parameters should be finely adjusted to avoid brittle melted zone due to coarse grains, and to limit intergranular corrosion both in melted zone or affected thermal zone. In order to maintain impact properties close to the original material, welding technique where rapid cooling of the melted zone and where low welding energies are possible are preferred (laser welding rather than TIG welding). To avoid intergranular corrosion of welded zones, welds should be done with a stabilized welding wire like EXHAUST® F1 – 18LNb or l’EXHAUST® F1 EVO – 18LNbSi. If the thickness of the weld is above 2 mm, a double stabilized (Ti and Nb) like l’EXHAUST® Bi-Stab – 18LNbTi EVO is preferred. | |