Properties
General
| Property | Temperature | Value |
|---|---|---|
Density | 23.0 °C | 8.9 g/cm³ Show Supplier Material materials with Density of 8.9 g/cm³ |
Mechanical
| Property | Temperature | Value |
|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus | -200.0 °C | 227 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 227 GPa |
-100.0 °C | 218 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 218 GPa | |
0.0 °C | 207 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 207 GPa | |
20.0 °C | 205 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 205 GPa | |
100.0 °C | 200 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 200 GPa | |
200.0 °C | 196 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 196 GPa | |
300.0 °C | 190 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 190 GPa | |
400.0 °C | 182 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 182 GPa | |
500.0 °C | 175 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 175 GPa | |
600.0 °C | 165 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 165 GPa | |
700.0 °C | 153 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 153 GPa | |
800.0 °C | 140 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 140 GPa | |
900.0 °C | 134 GPa Show Supplier Material materials with Elastic modulus of 134 GPa | |
Elongation | 23.0 °C | 40 % Show Supplier Material materials with Elongation of 40 % |
Tensile strength | 20.0 °C | 340 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 340 MPa |
100.0 °C | 290 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 290 MPa | |
200.0 °C | 275 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 275 MPa | |
300.0 °C | 260 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 260 MPa | |
400.0 °C | 240 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 240 MPa | |
500.0 °C | 210 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 210 MPa | |
600.0 °C | 150 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Tensile strength of 150 MPa | |
Yield strength Rp0.2 | 20.0 °C | 80 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 80 MPa |
100.0 °C | 70 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 70 MPa | |
200.0 °C | 65 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 65 MPa | |
300.0 °C | 60 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 60 MPa | |
400.0 °C | 55 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 55 MPa | |
500.0 °C | 50 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 50 MPa | |
600.0 °C | 40 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp0.2 of 40 MPa | |
Yield strength Rp1.0 | 20.0 °C | 105 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 105 MPa |
100.0 °C | 95 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 95 MPa | |
200.0 °C | 90 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 90 MPa | |
300.0 °C | 85 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 85 MPa | |
400.0 °C | 80 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 80 MPa | |
500.0 °C | 75 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 75 MPa | |
600.0 °C | 65 MPa Show Supplier Material materials with Yield strength Rp1.0 of 65 MPa | |
Thermal
| Property | Temperature | Value |
|---|---|---|
Coefficient of thermal expansion | -200.0 °C | 1.01E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.01E-5 1/K |
-100.0 °C | 1.13E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.13E-5 1/K | |
100.0 °C | 1.33E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.33E-5 1/K | |
200.0 °C | 1.39E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.39E-5 1/K | |
300.0 °C | 1.43E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.43E-5 1/K | |
400.0 °C | 1.48E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.48E-5 1/K | |
500.0 °C | 1.52E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.52E-5 1/K | |
600.0 °C | 1.56E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.56E-5 1/K | |
700.0 °C | 1.58E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.58E-5 1/K | |
800.0 °C | 1.62E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.62E-5 1/K | |
900.0 °C | 1.65E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.65E-5 1/K | |
1000.0 °C | 1.67E-5 1/K Show Supplier Material materials with Coefficient of thermal expansion of 1.67E-5 1/K | |
Melting point | 1435 - 1445 °C Show Supplier Material materials with Melting point of 1435 - 1445 °C | |
Specific heat capacity | -200.0 °C | 150 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 150 J/(kg·K) |
-100.0 °C | 355 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 355 J/(kg·K) | |
0.0 °C | 426 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 426 J/(kg·K) | |
20.0 °C | 456 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 456 J/(kg·K) | |
100.0 °C | 475 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 475 J/(kg·K) | |
200.0 °C | 500 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 500 J/(kg·K) | |
300.0 °C | 570 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 570 J/(kg·K) | |
400.0 °C | 530 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 530 J/(kg·K) | |
500.0 °C | 525 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 525 J/(kg·K) | |
600.0 °C | 535 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 535 J/(kg·K) | |
700.0 °C | 550 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 550 J/(kg·K) | |
800.0 °C | 565 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 565 J/(kg·K) | |
900.0 °C | 580 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 580 J/(kg·K) | |
1000.0 °C | 590 J/(kg·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Specific heat capacity of 590 J/(kg·K) | |
Thermal conductivity | -200.0 °C | 93 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 93 W/(m·K) |
-100.0 °C | 87 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 87 W/(m·K) | |
0.0 °C | 81 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 81 W/(m·K) | |
20.0 °C | 79 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 79 W/(m·K) | |
100.0 °C | 73 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 73 W/(m·K) | |
200.0 °C | 67 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 67 W/(m·K) | |
300.0 °C | 60 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 60 W/(m·K) | |
400.0 °C | 57 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 57 W/(m·K) | |
500.0 °C | 59 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 59 W/(m·K) | |
600.0 °C | 61 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 61 W/(m·K) | |
700.0 °C | 63 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 63 W/(m·K) | |
800.0 °C | 66 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 66 W/(m·K) | |
900.0 °C | 68 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 68 W/(m·K) | |
1000.0 °C | 71 W/(m·K) Show Supplier Material materials with Thermal conductivity of 71 W/(m·K) | |
Electrical
| Property | Temperature | Value |
|---|---|---|
Electrical resistivity | -200.0 °C | 2E-8 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 2E-8 Ω·m |
-100.0 °C | 4.5E-8 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 4.5E-8 Ω·m | |
0.0 °C | 8.5E-8 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 8.5E-8 Ω·m | |
20.0 °C | 9E-8 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 9E-8 Ω·m | |
100.0 °C | 1.3E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 1.3E-7 Ω·m | |
200.0 °C | 1.9E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 1.9E-7 Ω·m | |
300.0 °C | 2.6E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 2.6E-7 Ω·m | |
400.0 °C | 3.3E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 3.3E-7 Ω·m | |
500.0 °C | 3.7E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 3.7E-7 Ω·m | |
600.0 °C | 4E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 4E-7 Ω·m | |
700.0 °C | 4.3E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 4.3E-7 Ω·m | |
800.0 °C | 4.5E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 4.5E-7 Ω·m | |
900.0 °C | 4.8E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 4.8E-7 Ω·m | |
1000.0 °C | 5.1E-7 Ω·m Show Supplier Material materials with Electrical resistivity of 5.1E-7 Ω·m | |
Magnetic
Chemical properties
| Property | Value | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Carbon | 0.02 % Show Supplier Material materials with Carbon of 0.02 % | max. |
Copper | 0.25 % Show Supplier Material materials with Copper of 0.25 % | max. |
Iron | 0.4 % Show Supplier Material materials with Iron of 0.4 % | max. |
Magnesium | 0.15 % Show Supplier Material materials with Magnesium of 0.15 % | max. |
Manganese | 0.35 % Show Supplier Material materials with Manganese of 0.35 % | max. |
Nickel | 99.2 % Show Supplier Material materials with Nickel of 99.2 % | min. |
Silicon | 0.15 % Show Supplier Material materials with Silicon of 0.15 % | max. |
Sulfur | 5E-3 % Show Supplier Material materials with Sulfur of 5E-3 % | max. |
Titanium | 0.1 % Show Supplier Material materials with Titanium of 0.1 % | max. |
Technological properties
| Property | ||
|---|---|---|
| Application areas | Unalloyed wrought nickel combines excellent mechanical properties with good corrosion resistance. Above 300 °C working temperature, the low-carbon version is generally used. The limited carbon content lowers mechanical property values and work-hardening rate but promotes ductility. Typical applications are: food production, such as handling of cooling brines, fatty acids and fruit juices (resistance to acid, alkaline and neutral salt solutions and to organic acids), vessels in which fluorine is generated and reacted with hydrocarbons (resistance to fluorine), storing and transportation of phenol (immunity from any form of attack ensures absolute product purity), manufacture and handling of sodium hydroxide, particularly at temperatures above 300 °C. Industrial processes where sodium hydroxide is typically used, involve: production of viscose rayon and manufacture of soap (general corrosion resistance and virtual immunity to intergranular attack above 315 °C), production of hydrochloric acid and chlorination of hydrocarbons such as benzene, methane and ethane (resistance at elevated temperatures to dry chlorine and hydrogen chloride), manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer (resistance to hydrogen chloride at elevated temperatures). | |
| Cold Forming | Cold forming should be conducted on the soft annealed material. The forming characteristics of VDM® Nickel 201 is comparable to those of carbon steels. In strong cold forming, intermediate annealing may be necessary to reinstate the formable soft condition. | |
| Corrosion properties | LC-Nickel 99.2 has an excellent resistance to many corrosive media from acid to alkaline. It is most useful under reducing conditions but, where a passive oxide is formed, it may also be used in oxidizing conditions. Its most significant property is extremely high resistance to caustic alkalies up to and including the molten state. The extra-low carbon content of LC-Nickel 99.2 gives virtual immunity to intergranular attack above about 315 °C. The presence of chlorates must be kept to a minimum, as they accelerate the rate of attack.The resistance of LC-Nickel 99.2 to mineral acids varies according to temperature and concentration and whether or not the solution is aerated. Corrosion resistance is better in deaerated acid. In acid, alkaline and neutral salt solutions, LC-Nickel 99.2 shows good resistance, but severe attack occurs in oxidizing salt solutions. The alloy is resistant to all dry gases at room temperature. The low-carbon alloy can be used in dry chlorine and hydrogen chloride at temperatures up to 550 °C. | |
| General machinability | LC-Nickel 99.2 should be machined in the heat-treated condition. As the alloy exhibits a high work-hardening rate only low cuting speeds should be used compared with low-alloyed standard austenitic stainless steels. Tools should be engaged at all times. An adequate depth of cut is important in order to cut below the previously formed work-hardened zone. | |
| Heat Treatment | VDM® Nickel 201 is soft annealed in the temperature range between 700 and 850°C (1,292 and 1,562°F). To achieve a fine-grained microstructure, it is recommended to determine the parameters of the annealing temperature and retention time carefully prior to the heat treatment. Work-hardened VDM® Nickel is advantageous for some applications. Work-hardened material can be heat treated in temperatures between 550 and 650°C (1,022 and 1,202°F) to compensate forming tensions. In this temperature range, the material does not recrystallize and therefore largely retains the strength that was obtained through the forming process. The cooling down speed after heat treatment of VDM® Nickel 201 is generally unproblematic. For strips as the product form, the heat treatment can be performed in a continuous furnace at a speed and temperature that is adapted to the strip thickness. In each heat treatment, the aforementioned cleanliness requirements must be observed. | |
| Hot forming | VDM® Nickel 201 is well suited for hot forming in the temperature range between 1,200 and 800°C (2,192 and 1,472°F). For heating up, workpieces should be placed in a furnace that is already heated up. Rapid cooling down after the hot forming is not required. A heat treatment after the hot forming is recommended for achieving the optimal corrosion characteristics and controlled mechanical properties. | |
| Other | LC-Nickel 99.2 has a face-centered-cubic structure between temperatures close to absolute zero and melting point. | |
| Welding | It is weldable. | |